the earliest cities

Q1. How do archaeologists know that cloth was used in the Harappan civilisation?

Answer: Archaeologists have found spindles from the excavation sites.

Presence of spindles shows that people knew how to make cloths.

This shows that people in the Harappan Civilization used cloth.

Q2. Match the Columns

Column I	Column II
Copper	Gujarat
Gold	Afghanistan
Tin	Rajasthan
Precious stones	Karnataka

Answer:

·         Copper: Rajasthan

·         Gold: Karnataka

·         Tin: Afghanistan

·         Precious stones: Gujarat

Q3. Why were metals, writing, the wheel, and the plough important for the Harappans?

Answer:   a) Metals were used for making various tools, utensils, jewelry and seals.

b) Writing was useful for maintaining the records; related to trade and for various other purposes.

c) The wheel was used in carts to ferry people and goods. Wheel was also used as potter’s wheel.

d) Plough was used for tilling the land so that farming could be done.

Q4. Make a list of all the terracotta toys shown in the lesson. Which do you think children would have enjoyed playing with the most?

Answer: Animal figures, model cart and plough are some of the terracotta toys mentioned in this lesson. 

Even today; most of the children enjoy playing with toy cars.

Q5. Make a list of what the Harappans ate, and put a tick mark against the things you eat today.

Answer: The people of Harappa ate various kinds of grains (rice, wheat, barley, pulses, mustard, etc.), fruits (ber), fish, meat and milk. Most of these things we eat even today. At present; we eat rice, wheat, pulses, fish, meat and milk.

 SOME IMPORTANT DATES

• Cotton cultivation at Mehrgarh (about 7000 years ago).
• Beginning of cities (about 4700 years ago).
•  Beginning of the end of these cities (about 3900 years ago).
•   The emergence of other cities (about 2500 years ago).

History chapter 3

Class 6 History
From Gathering to Growing food
Q1. State whether true or false:
a) Millets have been found at Hallur.
Answer: True
b) People in Burzahom lived in rectangular houses.
Answer: False
c) Chirand is a site in Kashmir.
Answer: False
d) Jadeite, found in Daojali Hading, may have been brought from China.
Answer: True
Q2.Why do people who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time?
Answer: We know that a plant takes several months to bear fruits and seeds. So, people had to stay at the same place for a long time to take care of the crop.
Q3.If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, which are the places she should have visited?
Answer: Koldihwa and Mahagara in modern day Uttar Pradesh
Q4.Why do archaeologists think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters to start with and that herding became more important later?
Answer: Archaeologists have found different types of remains from different levels of excavation at Mehrgarh. Remains from deeper levels show bones of wild animals. This shows that people were still hunters. Remains from upper levels show bones of domesticated animals. This shows that later on people became herders.
Q4. List three ways in which the lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of hunter-gatherers.
Answer:
Hunter-gatherers Farmers-herders
Lived nomadic life. Lived settled life.
Depended on wild animals for meat. Depended on domesticated animals for meat.
Food supply was not secure. Food supply was more secure.
Q5. Make a list of all the animals mentioned in the table in NCERT Book. For each one, describe what they may have been used for.
Answer:
Animal Possible Use
Sheep Milk, meat, wool
Goat Milk, meat
Dog Guarding the herd
Buffalo Milk
Ox Farm work
Pig Meat

On The Trail of the Earliest People Question Answers

On The Trail of the Earliest People

 

Q1. Complete the sentences:

·                                 Hunter-gatherers chose to live in caves and rock shelters because ————————.

Answer: they provided shelter from rain, heat and wind

·                                 Grasslands developed around ———————— years ago.

Answer: 12,000

·                                 Early people painted on the ———————— of caves.

Answer: walls

·                                 In Hunsgi, tools were made of ————————.

Answer: stones

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Q2. Look at the present-day political map of the Indian subcontinent. Find out the states where Bhimbetka, Hunsgi and Kurnool are located.

Answer: Bhimbetka is in Madhya Pradesh, Hunsgi is in Karnataka and Kurnool is in Andhra Pradesh.

Q3. Why did the hunter-gatherers travel from place to place? In what ways are these similar to/different from the reasons for which we travel today?

Answer: Hunter-gatherers traveled from place to place in search of food. Once food resources at a place were exhausted, they needed to go to a new place. Now-a-days; people travel for various purposes. Some people travel because they enjoy traveling. Some people travel to meet relatives and friends on special occasions. Some people travel as a part of their work. Some people travel to explore new places.

Q4. What tools would you use today for cutting fruit? What would they be made of?

Answer: We use knife for cutting fruit. Knives are made of steel.

Q5. List three ways in which hunter-gatherers used fire. Would you use fire for any of these purposes today?

Answer: Three ways in which hunter-gatherers used fire are as follows:

a.                             For cooking

b.                             For warding off wild animals

c.                             For clearing forest

Additional Questions:

Q1. Cave paintings usually depict which type of scene?

Hunting scene

Q2. Discarded stone pieces and chips can be found on which type of sites of the Stone Age?

Answer: Factory sites

Q3. What is Stone Age?

Answer: The period during which only stone tools were used by people is called the Stone Age.

Q4. What is the meaning of Paleolithic Age?

Answer: Paleolithic Age means the Old Stone Age.

Q5. What were the sources of food for early people?

Answer: Meat, fish, fruits, roots, berries, etc. were the sources of food for early people.

Q6. Cave paintings usually contained pictures of which animals?

Answer: Bison, deer and other wild animals.

Q7. Why is Bhimbetka famous?

Answer: Bhimbetka is famous for cave paintings of the Stone Age. This site has been termed the World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.

Rural livelihood

Chapter 8

Ques-1 List five non-farming activities of sherpur?

D.Ans1.The non-farming activities in Sherpur are making baskets,making potteries,sweet shop,carpenters,barber.

Q2- Compare the lives of Gokul and Tripurai Singh.

Ans2. Gokul is a small farmer.He hardly produces enough to feed his family.

Tripurari Singh is a large farmer and he has twenty acres of land.He does not plough the field or harvest himself.

Ques-3 How can farmers be rescued from debt-trap?

Ans3.a)Farmers should be given easy credit by banks during sowing seasons.

b) Govt should be provided crop insurance to the farmers.
c) Govt should provided seeds and fertilizers to farmers on subsidy rates.
d) MSP should be fix for farmer's crops. 

Ques-4 Mention the sowing, transplantation and harvesting season of paddy.

Ans4. Sowing;May/June

Transplantation;July/Aug

Harvesting;Nov./Dec.

Ques-5 Write about the family of Ramprasad.

Ans5. Ramprasad is an agricultural laborer. He doesn’t own any land.He works for a wage in other people’s fields.His wife has to perform many tasks like grazing cattle,cutting grass,and fetching drinking water from a far.

Ques-6 Write a short note on how fisherman earn their livelihood

Ans6. Fishing is an important means of livelihood for people who live near a river or in coastal areas .Fishermen leave early in their boats about 2 am in the morning they return home in the morning with catch.The catch is carried by women in basket to be sold in the nearby market or village.

Ques-8 Do you think of life of agricultural laborer can improve with the positive change in the values supported by large farmers? How?

Ans8. Large farmers should help and cooperate with labourers. Labourers should be paid enough for their work.They should not be exploited or put in dept trap. Labourers should be given job throughout the year.Their other needs should be taken care of  by well-to-do farmers.

Long Answer Type Question

Ques-1 Describe terrace farming in which areas of India it is practiced?

E.Ans1. Terrace farming is a kind of cultivation which is practiced in hilly areas,particularly in the North-East region of India,especially Nagaland.The land on a hill slope is made into flat plots and carved out in steps.The sides of each plot are raised to retain water.Standing water is best for rice cultivation.

Ques-2 Describe the various categories of farmers in rural India.

Ans2. There are three categories of farmers;

1.       Landless labourers

2.       Small farmers

3.       Large farmers

80% of farmers are small farmers.

20% are large farmers they own more than twenty acres of land.

Ques-3 Discuss various types of economic activities undertaken in rural areas?

Ans-3 1.People in rural areas follow various livelihoods

           2. Most of them are farmers

            3. They grow crops

             4. During off season they also take up various other activities like driving a cart or a                         tractor working at the brick kiln etc.

             5. Some go to towns to work in a factory, pull a rickshaw or work as a vendor.

Ques-4 There was a common saying ……………… has now changed ?

Ans-4

1.       Now the situation has slightly improved banks co-cooperative societies advance loans of  lower rates to farmers.

2.       Farmer require a loan for daughters marriage, rituals, during severe illness or for agriculture purposes.

3.       On account of crop failure due to natural calamities they have now no where to go except to the moneylender.

natural vegetation and wildlife

                                  Natural vegetation and wildlife

Short answer type questions

1. Why are tropical rainforests are called evergreen forests?

Ans: These trees shed their leaves at different times.

When one tree may be shedding leaves, the other may be flowering, so the forests are green throughout the year. So, these trees are called evergreen trees.

2. Describe the characteristic features of monsoon forests. Which are the important trees in this region?

  Ans: These areas receive an annual rainfall of 100 to 200 cm.

Most of the trees shed their leaves during 6 to 8 weeks in summer.

These forests have widespread branches. Like neem and mango.

Teak, Sal sandalwood, peepal, shisham are some common trees found there.

3. Describe the main features of evergreen forests.

 Ans: The trees shed their leaves at different times.

 These forests are very dense.

Trees grow up to great heights.

Importent trees are ebony mahogany and rosewood.

4. Name the areas where the tidal forests are found in India? Which important trees are found in tidal forests?

Ans: Tidal forests are found in Ganga and Brahmaputra delta region.

Deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

Parts of Andaman and Nicobar islands.

5. Explain the measures required for conservation of forests.

Ans: The govt has passed acts and taken up different programmes for conserving our forests.

The forest research Institute at Deehradun trains people regarding forests.

Government has also launched Vanmahotsav programmes.

We should plant more and more trees.

Long answer type questions.

1. What has led to destruction of wildlife and their habitat in India? Which steps have been taken by the govt to preserve and protect wildlife?

   Ans: large scale hunting for game and poaching have affected our wildlife.

Reckless destruction of forests has endangered many species of wildlife.

Steps by govt:

Many National parks, Biosphere reserves and sanctuaries have been set up in Nilgiris, Nandadevi, Simlipal etc.

The government has launched many projects like project tiger, Project Rhino, and project Elephant.

2. Describe the importance of forests.

Ans: (a) Plants release oxygen that we breathe.

(b) They provide us timber for furniture, sports goods and houses.

(c) The roots of plants bind the soil and prevent floods.

(d) They are natural habitats of wildlife.

3. Describe the major species of animals found in India.

Ans: (a) Asiatic Lion found in the Gir forest of Gujrat.

(b) The Royal Bengal Tiger found in Sunder bans in West Bengal.

© The Rhino- creases are found in Assam.

(d) Red panda, yak and Bear are found in lofty Himalayas.

(e) Camels are found in Thar Desert.

Some reptiles like Cobra Crocodiles and gharials also found in India.

4. Distinguish between tropical rainforests and tropical deciduous forests.

Tropical Rain forests These are found where rainfall is more than 200  cm. They remain green throughout the year. These are very dense forests. Important trees are ebony, mahogany and rosewood.

Tropical Deciduous forests These are found where rainfall is between 100 to 200 cn. They are shed the leaves during 6 to 8 weeks in summer. These trees have widespread branches like Neem and Mango. Important trees are babul, khair and kikar.

urban livelihood question answer

                         Urban Livelihood

1. list five urban livelihoods.

Ans. Following are the five urban livelihoods; Rickshaw pulling, Newspaper vending,    Call centre, Shop keeping and office works.

2. Who is Rampreet?

Ans. Rampreet is a Rickshaw puller. He belongs to a village in northern Bihar.

3. Who assemble at labour chowk?

Ans. Daily wages or casual workers assembled at labour chowk. They are hired by needy persons on daily basis.

4. What is a call centre?

Ans. Call centres are private offices which deal with problems and questions of consumers or customers regarding goods purchased and services like banking, payments of bills etc.

There are two kinds of call centre; domestic and international call centre.

Short answer type questions

1. Discuss the difference between a permanent, and a casual job.

      Ans.Permanent job is regular work and  have a good salary.
        It also included many benefits such as medical leaves, 27 days annual leave, paid holidays, gratuity and pension. Working hours are fixed in this job.
casual job is not regular work and wages are very less. 
In this job no benefits include such as leaves, medical and pension.
Working hours are long and no holidays.  
        

2. What benefits does Mr. Sohan mishra get as a marketing manager?

Ans. He is a permanent worker, drawing a regular salary. 

He also gets many benefits like Employment provident fund, gratuity, medical benefits and leave benefits. 

Apart from Sunday and holidays, he gets twenty- seven days annual leave.

He also gets an annual increments based on his performance.

3. How is work done in garment factory?

Ans. A hundred workers stitching cloths with sewing machines.

Some workers are fixes the buttons.

Other workers are ironing the cloths.

4. Why have call centre’s’ in India become so popular?

Ans. Because multinational companies have to to pay much lower wages to Indian call centre’s worker as compare to European countries.

Long answer type questions

1. Discuss the life of vendors and hawkers. How do they face the problems in their lives?

Ans. Vendors and hawkers sell anything and everything from eatables, snacks, sweetmeats to garments, shoe etc.

Many of them spreading items on plastic sheets or on benches on pavements.

They using canvas sheet to protect themselves from rain or sunlight.

Problems

They don’t have security of work.

Their earnings are meager and some of them spend nights on pavements.

They have to cook and wash themselves.

2. Describe an office area of a city.

Ans. An office area is located in the commercial area of the city.

Mostly offices are air conditioned and partitioned in cabins.

Workers are working on permanent as well as temporary basis in these offices.

From managers to peon work in these city offices.

3. Write a brief note on each of the following.

(a)    Casual workers (b) permanent workers (c) call centre’s.

Ans. Casual workers are daily wages workers hired by needy persons on daily basis.

These workers work at construction sites, dig pipelines, laid telephone cables, loaded and unloaded trucks etc.

These workers are ill clothed and ill fed also.

Their income is very less.

Permanent workers are drawing a regular salary along with many benefits such as medical and leave benefits,  Employment provident fund and gratuity.

 They get 27 days annual leave.

They also get annual increments according to their performance.

Call centre’s above given.
Ans: Call centres are private offices which deal with problems and questions of consumers or customers regarding goods purchased and services like banking, payments of bills etc.

There are two kinds of call centres, domestic and international call centre.

4. Do you think casual or temporary workers in a company should be given facilities and benefits at par with the permanents staff? Why/ Why not?

Ans Yes casual workers should get all the benefits and facilities similar to permanent workers because these workers also contribute in the countries economy.

Their earnings are very meager and could not pace with their expenditures.

Their children also need to send to school for education which they can not give them with less income.

They also need good health and better facilities for their overall development.  

history chapter question answers

       Exercise question answers history chapter

Q1. What is a stupa? Name the finest stupa in India.

Ans. Many shrines were built to preserve the relics of Buddha. These shrines were called stupas. The Sanchi stupa (in Madhya Pradesh)  is the finest stupa in India.

Q2. Name the four Vedas.

Ans. The four Vedas are The Rig-Veda. Sam Veda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.

Q3. Name the two epics of  Sangam period..

Ans. Two famous epics in Sangam age were Silappadikarm and manimekalai.

Q4. Who wrote the Tirukkural?

Ans. The Tirukkural was written by Tiruvallavar a book on the art of living.

Q5.Which dynasty built the temples at Mahabalipuram and Kanchipuram?

Ans. The Pallavas dynasty built temples at Mahabalipuram and Kanchipuram.

Q6. What do you know about the iron pillar at Mehrauli (Delhi)?

Ans.The Iron Pillar located in Delhi, is known for the rust-resistant composition of the metals used in its construction.
On it a inscription in Sanskrit is written related to Chandragupta II,  a great Gupta king.

. Q7. Mention the important features of the temples  of ancient india.

   Ans. a) Temples were consisted in three parts ,  Garbhagriha ( a central room where idols were placed) , Shikhara ( a top of the grabhagriha) and mandapa ( where people were assembled and prayed).

b) Most of the temples were dedicated to Vishnu , Shiva and Durga.

c) The Ratha temple built with single rock in the form of a ratha or chariot by pallavas.

Write a short note on the Upanishads.

Ans.  a) Upanishads teach us how Soul ( Atman) can be united with ultimate truth (Brahman).

b) They teach us about Karma mean actions of people.

c) 11 Upanishads are authentic out of 108 .

Who wrote the Arthashashtra? What is its subject matters?

Ans. The Arthashashtra was written by Chanakya. It was based on political and the military art of governance.

Q Who was kalidasa? Which books were written by him?

Ans. kalidasa was court poet in Guptas dynasty. He wrote many books such as Shakuntalam, Megaduta, Raguvansha and Kumarsambhava.

Long answer type questions.

Q1. Describe the achievements of ancient India in the field of astronomy and mathematics.

Ans. a) The Vedic period discovered the concept of Zero.

b) The Vedic people were astronomers. They predicts the time of solar and lunar eclipses.

c) Aryabhatta and Varahamihira were two great mathematician and astronomer during Guptas period.

d) Aryabhatta wrote Aryabhattayam ( solutions of maths problems) and varahamihira wrote Brihat Samahita ( a encyclopedia of astronomy).

Q2.Discuss the achievements of ancient India in the field of medicine.

Ans. a) During kanishka period Charka wrote ‘Charka Samhita’ a text based on internal medicine.

b) It described various types of fevers, leprosy and T.B.

c) Shushruta was the first surgeon . He wrote Shushruta Samhita. This book Described about 120 surgical instruments and 8 human surgeries in 8 categories.

Q  What do you know about secular literature of ancient India.

Ans. a)  During  ancient period many secular text were written such as Arthashastra written by Chanakya Indica by Megasthenes.

b) These books were described about politics military, social and economic lives of Maurya dynasty.

c) Banabhatta wrote ‘Harshacharita’( life of ordinary people during Harshavardhana period).
d) kalidasa wrote ‘Shakuntalam’and 'Megaduta' during Guptas period.

e) 'Panchatantra' a collections of tales also wrote in this time.

Q Give an account of the religious literature produced during ancient India.

 Ans. a) During the vedic period four Vedas were written i.e. Rigaveda, Samaveda,Yajurveda and Atharavaveda. These contain hymns and rituals.

b) Upanishadas teach us about karma.11 upanishadas were authentic.

c) The puranas were post vedic text. There are 17 or 18 puranas surviving. Markandya purana is important purana.

d) Two famous epics were the Ramayana and the Mahabharata also wrote by saint valmiki and saint Ved vyas respectively.